TPG Capital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
TPG Capital (formerly
Texas Pacific Group) is an
American
firm. It is one of the largest
private equity
investment firms globally, focused on
leveraged buyouts,
growth capital
and
leveraged recapitalization
investments in distressed companies and turnaround situations. TPG also
manages investment funds specializing in
growth capital,
venture capital,
public equity, and debt investments. The firm invests in a broad range of industries
including consumer/retail,
media
and
telecommunications, industrials, technology, travel/leisure and health care.
The firm was founded in 1992 by
David Bonderman,
James Coulter
and
William S. Price III. Since inception, the firm has raised more than $50 billion of
investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds.
[1]
TPG is headquartered in
Fort Worth,
Texas,
and
San Francisco,
California.
[2]
The company has additional offices in
Europe,
Asia,
Australia
and other parts of
North America.
Private equity funds
TPG has historically relied primarily on
private equity funds, pools of committed capital from
pension funds,
insurance companies,
endowments,
fund of funds,
high-net-worth individuals,
sovereign wealth funds, and from other
institutional investors. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds
with total investor commitments of over $50 billion.
The firm manages investment funds in a number of distinct strategies
including:
-
-
TPG's flagship
leveraged buyout
funds
-
Venture capital
funds, particularly focused on
biotechnology
investments
-
Distressed debt
and other
credit
strategies invested through a series of funds raised in 2007[3]
-
Asian and Latin American funds, including the firm's
Newbridge
and TPG Asia fund family
-
Other private equity funds. This includes TPG's T3 Partners funds,
which invest in technology focused deals alongside the firm's main
buyout funds.[4]
[5]
TPG Star has a broad investment mandate including buyouts, venture
capital and growth capital, however all of its investments are at
the smaller end of the range, compared to TPG's traditional
investments.[6]
Fund |
Vintage
Year
|
Committed
Capital ($m)
|
TPG's Flagship Leveraged Buyout Funds |
Texas Pacific Group Partners |
1994 |
$721 |
Texas Pacific Group Partners II |
1997 |
$2,500 |
Texas Pacific Group Partners III |
2000 |
$3,414 |
Texas Pacific Group Partners IV |
2003 |
$5,300 |
Texas Pacific Group Partners V |
2006 |
$15,000 |
TPG Partners VI |
2008 |
$19,800 |
Venture capital funds |
TPG Ventures |
2001 |
$339 |
TPG Biotechnology Partners |
2002 |
$70 |
TPG Biotechnology Partners II |
2006 |
$402 |
TPG Biotechnology Partners III |
2008 |
$550 |
Distressed debt funds |
TPG Credit Management I |
2007 |
$1,000 |
TPG Credit Strategies |
2007 |
$443 |
Newbridge and TPG Asia funds |
Newbridge Investment Partners |
1995 |
$120 |
Newbridge Latin America |
1995 |
$300 |
Newbridge Andean Partners |
1996 |
$150 |
Newbridge Asia II |
1998 |
$392 |
Newbridge Asia III |
2001 |
$724 |
Newbridge Asia IV |
2005 |
$1,500 |
TPG Asia V |
2008 |
$4,250 |
Other private equity funds |
T3 Partners |
1999 |
$1,000 |
T3 Partners II |
2001 |
$378 |
TPG Star |
2007 |
$1,500 |
History and notable investments
Founding
The Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992
by
David Bonderman,
James Coulterand
William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for
Robert M. Bass
making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s. In 1993, Coulter and
Bonderman partnered with
William S. Price III, who was Vice President of Strategic Planning and Business Development
for
GE Capital, to complete the buyout of
Continental Airlines.
[7]
At the time, TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an
investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a
new management team, improving aircraft utilization and focusing on
lucrative routes. By 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of
return of 55% on its investment.
Texas Pacific Group in the late 1990s
In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its second private equity fund,
with over $2.5 billion of investor commitments. In June 1996, TPG acquired
the AT&T Paradyne unit, a multimedia communications business, from
Lucent Technologies
for $175 million.
[8]
Also in 1996, TPG invested in
Beringer Wine,
Ducati Motorcycles
and
Del Monte Foods.
TPG's most notable 1997 investment was its takeover of
J. Crew. TPG acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500
million,
[9]
however the investment struggled due to the relatively high purchase price
paid relative to the company's earnings.
[10]
The company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and
complete an initial public offering in 2006.
[11]
The following year, in 1998, TPG led an investor group in a minority
investment in
Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its
co-investors
invested $350 million in a
convertible preferred stock
that can be converted into 22.1% of Oxford.
[12]
The company completed a buyback of the TPG's
PIPE convertible
in 2000 and would ultimately be acquired by
UnitedHealth Group
in 2004.
[13]
As the decade came to a close, TPG was once again fundraising, for its
third private equity fund. This time, however TPG was raising not only a
new buyout fund, but also a new fund, T3 Partners that would invest
alongside the main fund in technology oriented investments. In 1999, TPG
invested in
Piaggio S.p.A, Bally International (including
Bally Shoe), and
ON Semiconductor.
TPG has also become recognized for its dedicated operations group that has
become a major part of the process from investment to sale in many of
their portfolio companies. The group is led by
Dick Boyce
and involves itself in tricky turnaround situations, operations
improvement and other tasks that help create value in the company. Other
major private equity firms have begun to develop operations group as well,
attempting to recreate the model at TPG but most have had trouble creating
as expansive a program.
Texas Pacific Group in the early 2000s
In 2000 TPG and
Leonard Green & Partners
invested $200 million to acquire
Petco, the
pet supplies retailer as part of a $600 million buyout.
[14]
Within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the
company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value more than doubled by the end
of 2004 and the firms would ultimately realize a gain of $1.2 billion.
Then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68
billion.
[15]
That same year, in 2000, TPG completed the controversial acquisition of
Gemplus SA, one of the leading smart card manufacturers. TPG won a struggle with
the company's founder, Marc Lassus, for control of the company.
[16]
Also in 2000, TPG completed an investment in
Seagate Technology.
In 2001, TPG acquired
Telenor Media, a Norwegian phone-directory company, for $660 million, and shortly
thereafter acquired a controlling interest in the third largest
silicon-wafer maker
MEMC Electronic Materials.
[17]
In July 2002, TPG, together with
Bain Capital
and
Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, announced the high profile $2.3 billion leveraged buyout of
Burger King
from
Diageo.
[18]
However, in November the original transaction collapsed, when Burger King
failed to meet certain performance targets. In December 2002, TPG and its
co-investors agreed on a reduced $1.5 billion purchase price for the
investment.
[19]
The TPG consortium had support from Burger King's franchisees, who
controlled approximately 92% of Burger King restaurants at the time of the
transaction. Under its new owners, Burger King underwent a major brand
overhaul including the use of
The Burger King
character in advertising. In February 2006, Burger King announced plans
for an
initial public offering.
[20]
In November 2003, TPG provided a proposal to buy
Portland General Electric
from
Enron.
However, concerns about debt and local politics led to Oregon's
Public Utilities Commission
regulators to deny permission for the purchase March 10, 2005.
Oregon Public Utility Commission (March 10, 2005).
"ORDER NO. 05-114"
(PDF). Retrieved February 1, 2008.
TPG ventured into the film business in late 2004 in the major leveraged
buyout of
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. A consortium led by TPG and
Sony
completed the $4.81 billion buyout of the film studio. The consortium also
included media-focused firms
Providence Equity Partners
and
Quadrangle Group
as well as
DLJ Merchant Banking Partners.
[21]
The transaction, which was announced in September 2004, was completed in
early 2005.
Also in 2005, TPG was one of seven private equity firms involved in the
buyout of
SunGard
in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. TPG's partners in the
acquisition were
Silver Lake Partners,
Bain Capital,
Goldman Sachs Capital Partners,
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts,
Providence Equity Partners, and
Blackstone Group. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the
takeover of
RJR Nabisco
at the end of the 1980s leveraged buyout boom. Also, at the time of its
announcement, SunGard would be the largest buyout of a technology company
in history, a distinction it would cede to the buyout of
Freescale Semiconductor. The SunGard transaction is also notable in the number of firms involved
in the transaction, the largest
club deal
completed to that point. The involvement of seven firms in the consortium
was criticized by investors in private equity who considered
cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive.
[22]
[23]
TPG and 2006–2007 buyout boom
In early 2006, as TPG was completing fundraising for its fifth private
equity fund and the buyout boom was entering full swing, TPG co-founder
Bill Price announced that he would scale back his work at the firm to
focus on personal pursuits including his holdings in wine vineyards.
[24]
On December 1, 2006, it was announced TPG and
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
had been exploring the possibility of a record $100 billion leveraged
buyout of the second-largest retailer in the U.S.
Home Depot.
[25]
Although this massive buyout was never actually completed, TPG was a
leading investor during the
2006-2008 buyout boom, completing some of the largest transactions in this period.
Investment |
Year |
Company Description |
Ref. |
Neiman Marcus
|
2005 |
TPG, together with
Warburg Pincus
acquired Neiman Marcus Group, the owner of luxury retailers
Neiman Marcus
and
Bergdorf Goodman, in a $5.1 billion buyout in May 2005.
|
[26][27]
|
Freescale Semiconductor
|
2006 |
TPG together with
The Blackstone Group,
The Carlyle Group
and
Permira
completed the $17.6 billion takeover of the semiconductor company.
At the time of its announcement, Freescale would be the largest
leveraged buyout of a technology company ever, surpassing the 2005
buyout of
SunGard.
|
[28]
|
Harrah's Entertainment
|
2006 |
On December 19, 2006, TPG and
Apollo Management
announced an agreement to acquire the gaming company for $27.4
billion, including the assumption of existing debt.
|
[29][30]
|
Sabre Holdings
|
2006 |
TPG and
Silver Lake Partners
announced a deal to buy
Sabre Holdings, which operates
Travelocity,
Sabre Travel Network
and
Sabre Airline Solutions, for approximately $4.3 billion in cash, plus the assumption of
$550 million in debt. Earlier in the year, Blackstone acquired
Sabre's chief competitor
Travelport.
|
[31]
|
Univision Communications
|
2006 |
A consortium of TPG,
Madison Dearborn Partners,
Providence Equity Partners,
Thomas H. Lee Partners
and
Haim Saban
(
Saban Entertainment) acquired The Spanish-language broadcaster on March 12, 2006 in
a $13.7 billion leveraged buyout. The buyout left the company with
a debt level of twelve times its annual cash flow.
|
[32][33]
[34]
|
Alltel
|
2007 |
TPG and
Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
announced the acquisition of
Alltel Wireless
in a $27 billion buyout in May 2007. The transaction was approved
by the Federal Communications Commission and closed on November
16, 2007. However just over six months later, on June 5, 2008, TPG
and Goldman agreed to sell Alltel to
Verizon
for slightly more than it had paid for the company amidst a
deteriorating economic outlook.
|
[35][36]
|
Avaya
|
2007 |
TPG and
Silver Lake Partners
completed an $8.2 billion leveraged buyout of the enterprise
telephony and call center technology company that was formerly a
unit of
Lucent Technologies
|
[37]
|
Biomet
|
2007 |
TPG,
The Blackstone Group,
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
and
Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
acquired the medical devices company for $11.6 billion.
|
[38]
|
First Data
|
2007 |
TPG and
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
completed the $29 billion buyout of the credit and debit card
payment processor and former parent of
Western Union. Michael Capellas, previously the CEO of
MCI Communications
and
Compaq
was named CEO of the privately held company.
|
[39][40]
|
Midwest Air Group
|
2007 |
On August 12, 2007 Agreed to purchase
Midwest Air Group
and its subsidiaries including
Midwest Airlines
ending the hostile takeover attempt by
AirTran Airways.
Northwest Airlines
also invested in the transaction alongside TPG as a passive
equity co-investor. On August 14, 2007 Increased its offer to purchase Midwest
after a late attempt by Airtran to increase its bid for Midwest.
The purchase price was $452 million. Midwest lost money during
TPG's ownership having to accept a loan from
Republic Airways Holdings
to avoid bankruptcy. Republic took over Midwest's fleet.
Eventually TPG sold the company to Republic for $31 million.[41]
|
[42]
|
Surgical Care Affiliates
|
2007 |
In June 2007, TPG completed the carveout of
HealthSouth Corporation's
ambulatory surgery business
for $920 million
|
[43]
|
TXU
|
2007 |
An investor group, led by TPG and
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and together with
Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
completed the $44.37 billion buyout of the regulated utility and
power producer.[44]
The investor group had to work closely with
ERCOT
regulators to gain approval of the transaction but had significant
experience with the regulators from their earlier buyout of
Texas Genco. TXU is the largest buyout in history, and retained this
distinction when the announced buyout of
BCE
failed to close in December 2008. The deal is also notable for a
drastic change in
environmental policy
for the energy giant, in terms of its
carbon emissions
from
coal power plants
and funding
alternative energy.
|
[45][46]
|
In early 2007, the firm, officially changed its name to
TPG Capital, rebranding all of its funds across different
geographies. The firm's Asian funds, which had historically been managed
by TPG Newbridge, a joint venture with
Blum Capital.
[47]
TPG and the credit crisis
On April 7, 2008, TPG leads a $7 billion investment in
Washington Mutual. On September 25, 2008, Washington Mutual is taken over by the
government costing TPG a 1.35 Billion dollar investment.
On March 12, 2010, Gretchen Morgensen in the
New York Times
discussed TPG's role as a private equity investor in Greek mobile phone
operator
WIND Hellas, formerly TIM Hellas, which filed for bankruptcy protection late last
year.
[48]
Morgensen raises some interesting questions about the circumstances in
which TPG and fellow private equity investors Apax Partners of London
redeemed a significant quantity of "convertible preferred equity
certificates" held by them to repay their own "deeply subordinated
shareholder loans" during a period in which a significant and apparently unexplained spike
occurred in the market value of the certificates.
Post-recession activity
On June 10, 2010, TPG announced an acquisition of
Vertafore, a provider of software for the insurance industry, for $1.4
billion.
[49]
On July 13, 2011, affiliates of TPG Capital acquired
PRIMEDIA
for approximately $525 million, or $7.10 per share in cash.
[50]
TPG and fellow private equity firm
Apollo Global Management
are set to IPO their stake in Norwegian Cruise Lines in 2013.
[51]
In July 2013, TPG announced it would buy global education publisher TSL
Education from
Charterhouse Group
for a fee of around $600 million.
[52]
The Financial Times
reported in February 2014 that TPG co-founder
David Bonderman
was "contemplating" an initial public offering for the private equity
group.
[53]
TPG and movie producer
Robert Simonds, Jr., announced in March 2014 that they had entered a partnership with
China's
Hony Capital
to produce as many as ten "star-driven" films a year, with mid-range
budgets (on the order of $40 million per film).
[54]
In April 2014, it was announced that TPG had invested £200 million in
Victoria Plumb
after buying a majority stake.
[55]
[56]
In November 2014,
Prezzo (group)
agreed to a £303.7 million takeover by TPG.
[57]
The company is considered a newcomer to the real-estate investment arena.
In the first half of 2014, it started to raise funds for a real-estate
specific fund. It had a goal of $1.5 billion to $2 billion. By October
2015, the company had exceeded its goal, raising more than $2 billion.
[58]
Newbridge Capital
In 1994, TPG,
Blum Capital
and ACON Investments created Newbridge Capital, a joint-venture to invest
in emerging markets, particularly Asia and later Latin America. At its
peak, Newbridge managed over $3.2 billion. Newbridge was headquartered
alongside TPG in
Fort Worth
and
San Francisco
with investment offices across the Asia-Pacific region in
Hong Kong,
Melbourne,
Mumbai,
Seoul,
Shanghai,
Singapore, and
Tokyo. In
1995, Newbridge also ventured into Latin America, raising a $300 million
fund and then a follow up $150 million fund in 1996. After its debut funds
in the mid-1990s, Newbridge did not continue to focus on Latin America.
Since its founding, Newbridge developed a specialization in five broad
industry groups: financial services, technology and telecom, healthcare,
consumer, and industrials. Newbridge was involved in a number of the
largest and most notable private equity transactions in Asia including:
-
Shenzhen Development Bank
- the first control purchase of a Chinese national bank by a foreign
entity since 1949
-
Korea First Bank
- the first foreign acquisition of a South Korean bank
-
Hanaro Telecom
- a major Asian proxy contest, that was the largest at that time
-
Matrix Laboratories - the largest private equity transaction in the
Indian pharmaceutical industry, to that point
In the early 2000s, TPG assumed full ownership and control over the
Newbridge joint venture, renaming the firm TPG Newbridge. At the beginning
of 2007, when the firm officially changed its name from Texas Pacific
Group to TPG Capital, TPG Newbridge's Asian funds were also rebranded as
the TPG Asia Funds.
TPG remained active in Asia in 2008. On August 4, TPG, along with
Global Infrastructure Partners, offered to buy
Asciano Limited
for AUD 2.9 billion in an unsuccessful attempt to complete an
unsolicited takeover. On October 31, 2008, TPG completed the purchase of a 35% interest in
P.T. Bumi Resources, from its previous owner Bakrie & Brothers, Indonesia, for $1.3
billion.
Criticisms
Hellas Telecommunications (2015)
In 2006, during the Apax fraud,
Nikesh Arora
was placed by investors
TPG
and
Apax
on the board of
WIND Hellas
(formerly TIM Hellas).
[59]
Under Arora's direction, €1.6 billion were embezzled from TIM Hellas by
misuse of company debts, a ransack operation codenamed ‘Project Troy’ by
the official liquidator.
[60]
[61]
TPG and Apax were condemned in 2014 by a NY court to repay $565 million to
the private investors.
[62]
In 2014, the Luxembourg liquidator sued TPG and Apax for 1.3 billion
corresponding to the amount not recovered from the Arora
embezzlement.
[63]
The Greek general prosecutor opened an investigation against TPG, Apax and
all main implicated parties including
Nikesh Arora
under art.1608/1950 of the Greek
criminal code
for "Crimes against the people of Greece”.
[64][65]
[66]
In the meantime, the
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
reprimanded
Ernst & Young
(now EY) for its involvement in the
Wind Hellas
scandal reportedly being charged with signing off the big increase in debt
and payments to
TPG
and
Apax Partners
in 2006-07, and of allegedly acting as an administrator when Hellas was
put into liquidation.
[60]
[61][63]
[67]
Notable employees
References
Source:
Preqin
"Contact TPG."
Cargill alum to lead $1B fund here. Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal, April 14, 2006
TPG Prepares To Launch Its Sixth Large Buyout Fund,
Buyouts (magazine), December 3, 2007
Texas Pacific Group closes at half original target. [AltAssets, March 2002
TPG raises $1.2b for downstream deals. Private Equity Week, October 22, 2007
Little-known S.F. firm specializes in complex buyouts. San Francisco Chronicle, June 2, 2002
LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES AGREES TO SELL AT&T PARADYNE UNIT. New York Times, June 20, 1996
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."
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de la MERCED, MICHAEL J. "Biomet Accepts Sweetened Takeover Offer." New York Times, June 8, 2007.
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Tom Daykin.
"Republic Airways to buy Midwest Airlines". jsonline.com.
Behind the Battle for Midwest Air. New York Times, September 28, 2007
HealthSouth To Sell Surgery Division To TPG - News - MSNBC.com
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Lonkevich, Dan and Klump, Edward.
KKR, Texas Pacific Will Acquire TXU for $45 Billion
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‘Sorry, Sir. Texas Pacific Group Isn’t Here Anymore’.
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PRIMEDIA INC. Acquired by TPG CAPITAL
Norwegian Cruise Line Sets Price Range for I.P.O.
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"U.S. buyout firm TPG to buy TSL Education for $600 million". Reuters.
The Financial Times[1]
by Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, February 25, 2014
The Hollywood Reporter[2]
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https://medium.com/@DailyNews/nikesh-arora-vs-hellas-intervention-by-the-public-prosecutor-after-the-revelations-of-the-%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD-3c5703a1be47
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the revelations of the “ΝΕΩΝ”
http://www.tanea.gr/news/economy/article/5252394/o-doyreios-ippos-twn-ksenwn-funds-kai-o-indos-megistanas/
«Σχέδιο Τροία» κατά ΤΙΜ: Ο δούρειος ίππος των ξένων funds και ο
ινδός μεγιστάνας
http://www.ceelegalmatters.com/index.php/legal-analysis-white-collar-crime/item/2738-recent-developments-regarding-white-collar-crime-in-greece
Recent Developments Regarding White Collar Crime in Greece
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/ernst-young-hellas-fine-idUSL5N0Z242H20150616
EY fined for conflict of interest over Hellas